Allvar gullstrand biography of mahatma

The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.^[1] They were established by the will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. An additional prize in memory of Alfred Nobel was established in by the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) for outstanding contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, a Nobelist or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.^[2]

Prize

Different organisations are responsible for awarding the individual prizes; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences aw

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Nobel Prize Winners in medicin and Physiology and their Contribution to Development of Modern Medicine

Vol. 20 • No.4 • MATERIA SOCIO MEDICA Nobel Prize Winners in medicin and Physiology and their Contribution to Development of Modern medicin Izet Masic Faculty of medicine, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Review SUMMARY The Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicin is awarded once a year bygd the Swedish Karolinska Institute. It fryst vatten one of the ive Nobel Prizes established bygd the will of Alfred Nobel in , awarded for outstanding contributions in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and physiology or medicin since The irst Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in to Emil Adolf von Behring, a German, “for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.” This award is admin

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Controversies in Selecting Nobel Laureates: An Historical Commentary

Abstract

There is universal agreement that the Nobel Prizes, given to individuals who have made an extraordinarily notable contribution to humankind in the fields of chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, are the most prestigious prizes offered for human achievement. This commentary gives an overview of the basis for Alfred Nobel writing his third will that established the five prizes and includes a discussion of why those five fields were chosen. The commentary includes factors that influenced his choices and contains examples of controversial selections or omissions, especially in the earlier years. A few were errors of omission (e.g. Tolstoy, Tesla, Edison, Best, Gandhi, Franklin), some errors of commission (e.g. Fibiger, Moniz); but, given the complexity of the task, the error rate is small. In some cases, the conclusion that an error had been made is debatable. Such decisions are